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I have been working with students in Hsinchu since 2004. I help students who are eager to cultivate their language skills and expand their horizons with a wealth of hands-on experience and professional knowledge.
Showing posts with label English. Show all posts
Showing posts with label English. Show all posts

Thursday, April 6, 2017

談語言中的類比譬喻: A is to B what C is to D (A 之於B 猶如 C之於 D)

相信許多英語學習者都曾背過這個公式,SAT的學生要了解這個觀念,且對這個句型懷抱著恐懼。

A 之於 B 猶如 C 之於D
= A is to B what C is to D.  
= A is to B as C is to D.
= As C is to D, so is A to B.

但若從很簡單的譬喻句去了解,就會很清楚了。簡單句基礎: 主詞+be+補語

我先來看一下常見的譬喻
(1) Love is (a) spice.暗喻(metaphor)1
(2) Love is like/as (a) spice.明喻(simile)
(1)’ A = B
(2)’ A ≈ B

味道(spice)很具象,很熟悉,只要吃飯就知道那是甚麼感覺。但愛(love),很抽象難以捉摸我們難以定義,所以我們用味道來了解愛。是很簡單的譬喻。

語言中比喻和譬喻,不只很常出現在文學修辭,其實充斥著每個地方。根據George Lakoff 的理論,這是認知能力的一種。用自己熟悉的知識去明白部熟習的知識,用具體的東西去了解抽象的東西。

我們現在另用what (the thing which) 的句子來強調一下

(3) Love is what (the thing which) spice is.

順道一提,所以what是個關代。

口氣有了,我想要更精準的說明,哪個面向相似?
兩個比較的對象好了

Love: couples= spice: eaters
love to couples = spice to eaters

放到句子(3)
(3)’ Love is _________what spice is ________.

(4) Love is (to couples) what spice is (to eaters) [這是由暗喻(1) 變來的]

相同的方式,我們放進去句子(2)
(2)’ Love is ________ as/like spice  is __________.

(5) Love is to couples as/like spice is to eaters. [這是由明喻(2) 變來的]

如果您已經上了許多網站查這個句型,會發現。其實美國人更常用加as/like 的句子。我看了五六個網站,感覺絕大多數人直覺不喜歡what 的句構,但也說不出個所以然。可能是what 的句子太迂迴了,轉了兩圈。

最後若是要強調的話,把as spice to eaters
移到前面

(6) As spice is to eaters, love is similar to the couples.

知道 I am too-> so am I 表達相同的句型嗎? 沒錯來倒裝一下。

(7) As spice is to eaters, so is love to couples.


[生活應用區]
我們來看看紐約時報舉辦的周末類比句大賽的一個句子,看大家是否懂了(https://schott.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/09/11/weekend-competition-a-is-to-b-as-c-is-to-d/?_r=0) 很促咪LOL

“Republican senators are to sexual flings as family values are to domestic abuse.”
Katy Sharpe September 13, 2009 · 3:07 pm

Republican senators≈ family values (A≈ B) 共和黨員家庭價值。怎麼說?
Republican senators: sexual fling ≈family values: domestic abuse (共和黨議員: 一夜風流家庭價值: 家暴)
共和黨議員不允許一夜風流就如家庭價值不允許家暴一樣。

[考題區]
最後因為我們台灣真的習慣從考試來學習,做成考題

(1)Smile is to mankind _________ sunshine is to flowers.
下面哪個不能選
(A) while (B) like (C) as (D) what
答案 (A)

(2) 閱讀之於心靈,如食物之於身體。
翻譯
Reading: the mind= food: body
Reading is to the mind what food to the body.
Reading is to the mind as/like food to the body. 最多人公認易懂
As food to the body, so is reading to the mind.

1:抱歉我很沒創意,所以這個句子來自Seinfeld
Love is a spice with many tastes--a dizzying array of textures and moments.
(Wayne Knight as Newman in the final episode of Seinfeld, 1998)
且每每自己造句,總會有些語感魔人出來告訴我不道地。所以我直接用國外的例子。
註2:  For the record,我想說這些變形的中間過程(transformation process)只是輔助,並不代表我的論證就等於是語言認知的實際過程,或是我特別相信某個理論派別。



Friday, March 31, 2017

學英文文法和單字有辦髮-沒修過圖的照片怎麼說,使役動詞怎麼用

班上剛好有兩位做美髮的學生,所以幫他們找了些髮型相關的英文。

http://www.kpopmap.com/korean-beauty-tip-tuesday-top-10-kpop-hairstyles-to-captivate-the-fellas/

翻譯是請其中一位看圖片想出來的,比我翻譯還精準阿。果然隔行如隔山。


韓國女性常見髮型
10 pixie cut  精靈短髮
09 two-toned hairstyle 雙色髮型
08 braided hairstyle 編織髮型
07 see-through bangs 空氣瀏海
06 layered cut 層次剪髮
05 wave perm 波紋燙髮
04 ponytail 馬尾
03 bob cut 鮑伯剪髮
02 top bun 包包頭
01 long untouched hair 自然長髮

單字
1. 其中空氣瀏海的英文很有趣是說see through 也就是能夠看穿的意思,或是透明。好萊塢女星為了搏版面(attract publicity),在紅毯上爭奇鬥豔,可能會裝透明/薄紗禮服。薄紗或是透明禮服其實很簡單就說see-through dress.
2.  其中自然長髮的touch 除了有觸摸之外,還有動過手腳的意思,所以翻成自然長髮。如果大家google untouched photo 會找到很多沒有修片的明星照片。

文法: have + 東西+ p.p.

英文中剪頭髮英文比較講究,
如果妳說I cut my hair yesterday.
聽話的人就假設,妳是自己剪的
如果是請別人剪的,可以說

I got a haircut.  或者
I had my hair cut.
S+ have+東西+分詞,請別人做甚麼事

I had [my teeth washed] (=my teeth was washed). 我去洗牙
cf. I washed my teeth. 自己洗的

I had [my car washed]=(my car was washed). 我去洗車
cf. I washed my car. 我自己洗車

I had [my house painted]=(my house was painted) . 我叫人來油漆
I painted my house. 我自己粉刷房子