About Me
- 派翠克
- I have been working with students in Hsinchu since 2004. I help students who are eager to cultivate their language skills and expand their horizons with a wealth of hands-on experience and professional knowledge.
Showing posts with label metaphor. Show all posts
Showing posts with label metaphor. Show all posts
Saturday, April 29, 2017
double up/down 的不同
最近常常聽到double down 這個片語
從川普到美聯,我都聽到這個片語。
Jimmy Kimmel 大快人心的影片,中提到:
1. United didn't admit they did anything wrong, if anything, they seemed to be doubling down on this.
這個字是從21 點的玩法來的(有很多常用的片語都是從賭博來的),賭客可以加倍賭注。可能是因為down 這個質詞 (particle)的認知感受,有傾注放手的感覺。在延伸用法跟兩倍這種準確的概念沒有太大關係,但有執迷(吃了秤砣鐵了心),瘋狂 (豁出去了)的意思。
上句翻成
1-1 美聯沒有任何認錯的意思,反而變本加厲了。
2. Trump officials double down on wiretap charge /Fox News Video
2-2川普政府緊咬不放竊聽指控
3. “People on either side, the other side and this side, you double down when you find conflict, it’s called the ‘Backfire Effect,’ it backfires, and you get more entrenched in your worldview,” he continued.
Source http://www.rawstory.com
3-3 人們都選邊站,當發現(事實和自己的認知)有衝突時,常常會變本加厲,這個叫做"逆火效應"。造成反效果,強化他們抱守殘缺的信念。
相反地, double 加上 up , 所衍伸的意思比較理智。可能是up 向上 的概念,就是較困難的,要努力和安排的。也跟數字比較有關。
4. You need to double up with John. 你和約翰兩個人要住一間
5. You need to double up on your classes if you want to graduate on time. 要多修一倍的課,不然無法準時畢業了。
如果double up 是加倍努力,double down 不只兩倍,還有孤注一擲的意思,全力傾注。
double (up) as 當成動詞時,其實還有兼作(有兩個功能的意思)。記得IELTS 有一題口說要同學描述房間的樣子。很多人多說自己的房間還兼有書房的功能,大部分的人都說
6. My bedroom is also my study. 是沒有沒有錯。
但是如果說成
7. My bedroom also doubles as my study. 感覺立刻就傳神許多
其他有用的double 片語
-> double talk 兩種詮釋都說得過去。模糊焦點
-> double book 衝堂
e.g. I double booked my third period. 我第三節衝堂
-> double cross 兩邊都騙。黑吃黑,背叛
-> double trouble 雪上加霜
-> double over/up with laughter 笑彎腰
-> double-edged sword 兩面利刃/水可載舟亦可覆舟
-> double in brass (原指爵士樂團中大家都能玩兩種以上樂器)校長兼撞鐘
e.g. I used to work for a small company where everyone must double in brass.
我以前在一家小公司上班,大家都一人做兩個人的事。
測驗句子
Many doomsday preppers double _______ on their beliefs even if the day nver comes. They double _______ on their supplies for the secrete tunnel, which doubles as a shelter.
Thursday, April 6, 2017
談語言中的類比譬喻: A is to B what C is to D (A 之於B 猶如 C之於 D)
相信許多英語學習者都曾背過這個公式,SAT的學生要了解這個觀念,且對這個句型懷抱著恐懼。
A 之於 B 猶如 C 之於D
= A is to B what C is to D.
= A is to B as C is to D.
= As C is to D, so is A to B.
但若從很簡單的譬喻句去了解,就會很清楚了。簡單句基礎: 主詞+be+補語
我先來看一下常見的譬喻
(1) Love is (a) spice.暗喻(metaphor)1
(2) Love is like/as (a) spice.明喻(simile)
(1)’ A = B
(2)’ A ≈ B
味道(spice)很具象,很熟悉,只要吃飯就知道那是甚麼感覺。但愛(love),很抽象難以捉摸我們難以定義,所以我們用味道來了解愛。是很簡單的譬喻。
語言中比喻和譬喻,不只很常出現在文學修辭,其實充斥著每個地方。根據George Lakoff 的理論,這是認知能力的一種。用自己熟悉的知識去明白部熟習的知識,用具體的東西去了解抽象的東西。
我們現在另用what (the thing which) 的句子來強調一下
(3) Love is what (the thing which) spice is.
順道一提,所以what是個關代。
口氣有了,我想要更精準的說明,哪個面向相似?
兩個比較的對象好了
Love: couples= spice: eaters
love to couples = spice to eaters
放到句子(3):
(3)’ Love is _________what spice is ________.
(4) Love is (to couples) what spice is (to
eaters) [這是由暗喻(1) 變來的]
相同的方式,我們放進去句子(2)
(2)’ Love is ________ as/like spice is __________.
(5) Love is to couples as/like spice is to eaters. [這是由明喻(2) 變來的]
如果您已經上了許多網站查這個句型,會發現。其實美國人更常用加as/like 的句子。我看了五六個網站,感覺絕大多數人直覺不喜歡what 的句構,但也說不出個所以然。可能是what 的句子太迂迴了,轉了兩圈。
最後若是要強調的話,把as spice to eaters
移到前面
(6) As spice is to eaters, love is similar to the
couples.
知道 I am too-> so am I 表達相同的句型嗎? 沒錯來倒裝一下。
(7) As spice is to eaters, so is love to couples.
[生活應用區]
我們來看看紐約時報舉辦的周末類比句大賽的一個句子,看大家是否懂了(https://schott.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/09/11/weekend-competition-a-is-to-b-as-c-is-to-d/?_r=0)
很促咪LOL
“Republican senators are to sexual flings as
family values are to domestic abuse.”
Katy Sharpe September 13, 2009 · 3:07 pm
Republican senators≈ family values (A≈ B) 共和黨員≈家庭價值。怎麼說?
Republican senators: sexual fling ≈family values:
domestic abuse (共和黨議員: 一夜風流≈家庭價值: 家暴)
共和黨議員不允許一夜風流就如家庭價值不允許家暴一樣。
[考題區]
最後因為我們台灣真的習慣從考試來學習,做成考題
(1)Smile is to mankind _________ sunshine is to
flowers.
下面哪個不能選
(A) while (B) like (C) as (D) what
答案 (A)
(2) 閱讀之於心靈,如食物之於身體。
翻譯
Reading: the mind= food: body
Reading is to the mind what food to the body.
Reading is to the mind as/like food to the body. 最多人公認易懂
As food to the body, so is reading to the mind.
註1:抱歉我很沒創意,所以這個句子來自Seinfeld
Love is a spice with many tastes--a dizzying
array of textures and moments.
(Wayne Knight as Newman in the final episode of
Seinfeld, 1998)
且每每自己造句,總會有些語感魔人出來告訴我不道地。所以我直接用國外的例子。
註2: For the record,我想說這些變形的中間過程(transformation process)只是輔助,並不代表我的論證就等於是語言認知的實際過程,或是我特別相信某個理論派別。
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
